Wave packets are a mathematical solution to the wave equation that represents a localized, finite, and usually non-dispersive wave in space and time. They are used to analyze the behavior of waves in various physical systems, such as quantum mechanics, fluid dynamics, and optics. Wave packets are typically composed of a superposition of different wave frequencies and amplitudes, allowing for a more detailed description of wave properties and interactions. They are essential for studying wave phenomena in both classical and quantum physics.